NFT stands for Non-Fungible Token, but don’t let that scare you off.
Let’s break it down:
So, what is it actually?
An NFT is like a digital certificate of ownership tied to something – often a picture, song, video, or even a tweet. It proves that you own the original version of that file, even if everyone else on the internet can also see it or download it.
Wait – so anyone can see the file?
Yes! Most NFT-linked files are publicly viewable and stored using a regular link on the internet. You can think of it like a famous painting in a museum: people can take photos of it, print it on a T-shirt, or set it as their phone wallpaper. But only one person or institution actually owns the original and the NFT is what proves that ownership.
NFTs may feel new, but the idea actually started back in 2012 with a project called Colored Coins. These tokens were built on the Bitcoin blockchain and let people show ownership of real-world things like property or stocks by attaching extra data to tiny units of Bitcoin (called satoshis).
The first recognised NFT artwork was created in 2014 by digital artist Kevin McCoy. It was called Quantum – a colourful, looping animation – and was recorded on the Namecoin blockchain.
The concept took off when people started trading quirky, meme-based art like Rare Pepes. But NFTs really exploded in popularity with CryptoKitties in 2017, a game where people collected and bred digital cats. Around that time, Ethereum introduced a technical standard called ERC-721, making it easier to create and trade unique digital assets. This opened the door for newer blockchains like Solana, Polygon, and Tezos to get involved.
At their core, NFTs are digital proof of ownership recorded on a blockchain – a secure and transparent digital system that keeps a permanent record of who owns what. Think of it as a giant public notebook that anyone can check, but no one can secretly erase or change.
Each NFT is stored as a unique entry on this blockchain. That entry includes:
This makes NFTs impossible to fake or duplicate, because every transfer or sale is automatically recorded and visible to everyone.
Storage and Security
When people hear “NFT”, they often imagine the artwork or file itself is stored inside the blockchain. But that’s not usually the case.
Instead, the NFT is like a receipt or certificate that says, “You own this specific file”. That receipt is safely stored on the blockchain, but the actual file – like the image, video, or song – is usually stored somewhere else.
Where’s the file then?
Most NFT files are hosted on regular servers or cloud storage, and they’re publicly accessible – meaning anyone can view or download them. This raises a big question:
If the file is hosted elsewhere, what happens if the server goes offline or the file gets deleted?
Well… not great things. In those cases, your NFT would still exist on the blockchain, but the file it points to might be lost. That’s why some people criticise NFTs for being “decentralised in theory, but not in practice”.
So what’s the solution?
To fix this, newer NFT projects are turning to decentralised storage. Instead of relying on one server, the file is stored across a network of computers using systems like:
These methods make sure your NFT file can still be found and loaded, even if a website or hosting company disappears.
In short:
Let’s say you take a photo of a famous painting in a museum. You can look at it, share it, maybe even print it out – but that doesn’t mean you own the painting. NFTs work the same way.
Even though anyone can see or download an NFT file (like a digital artwork, GIF, or video), only one person can own the original token that proves it’s theirs. That’s what makes NFTs unique. They’re not about hiding content – they’re about proving ownership of a specific version of it.
What gives NFTs their special status is blockchain technology. Instead of needing a central authority (like an art gallery or a registry office) to confirm who owns what, the blockchain does it automatically. Once an NFT is recorded there, it’s permanently linked to its owner in a way that can’t be edited or faked.
This means:
This proof of ownership is often referred to as verifiable authenticity or digital scarcity. Even if millions of people see the file, there’s only one person who owns the actual NFT – kind of like having the signed original of a digital poster.
And thanks to the blockchain’s “tamper-proof” nature, NFTs are much harder to fake or steal than traditional digital files, which can be copied endlessly with no trace.
Minting is the process of creating an NFT – kind of like printing a limited-edition digital sticker and registering it in a giant public notebook (aka the blockchain) so everyone knows you own it.
To make an NFT, people use special rules called token standards – most commonly ERC-721 or ERC-1155 (think of them as recipe templates for how NFTs should behave). These standards run on blockchains like Ethereum or Solana, which are just networks that store data in a secure, decentralised way.
Each NFT includes some important ingredients, known as metadata – basically, information that gives the NFT its identity:
So, in short:
Minting usually involves paying a gas fee – a small transaction cost that goes to the people (aka miners or validators) who help secure the blockchain. Without them, your NFT wouldn’t be properly recorded or protected.
NFTs are created using smart contracts (tiny programs written into the blockchain that automatically do things like track ownership or send royalties when a sale happens), which are self-executing programs stored on a blockchain. These contracts manage NFT ownership and transfer while preventing fraud.
Think of a smart contract like an automatic vending machine: you put in your payment, and it does the rest without needing a person to approve it. “Executable” just means the program runs automatically when the conditions are met.
NFTs aren’t just hype – they bring real value in a few key ways, especially when it comes to digital ownership.
NFTs started with digital art and internet collectibles, but their potential goes far beyond that. As the technology improves, NFTs are expected to play a role in many parts of everyday life.
NFTs can be sold through online marketplaces such as OpenSea, Rarible, and Foundation. These sites work like eBay or Etsy, with fixed prices or auctions.
Because NFTs are non-fungible (unique), their price depends entirely on what people are willing to pay. Unlike stocks or currency, they aren’t easily traded for something of equal value.
Many NFTs also include royalty rules – so every time the NFT changes hands, the original creator gets a small percentage. However, not all marketplaces enforce this, so it’s something creators need to check.
NFTs are a new way to own and verify digital things. They let creators earn more from their work, and they give buyers proof that what they own is real and unique.
The concept still has challenges – like storage issues, environmental concerns, and unclear rules – but it’s already changing how we think about digital ownership.
As blockchain technology continues to grow, NFTs might become a normal part of how we collect, trade, and interact with digital content.
